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Open Innovation Learning: Theory building on open sourcing while private sourcing

Open Innovation Learning: Theory building on open sourcing while private sourcing CC-BY-NC-SA 2018 David Ing; foreword by Jim Spohrer Abstract Organizations embark on open innovation initiatives to sweep in external knowledge, practices and resources in cooperation with partners. This contrasts to the mainstream private innovation approach of in-house research and development sponsored solely by an incorporated funder, with intellectual property protected by copyright. Few organizations simultaneously engage in both approaches, within and across the levels of programs, projects and individuals. How does learning occur in such an organization -- and the communities of members within the organization -- in both cumulative and distributed ways? The open innovation learning exhibited by IBM in the decade of 2001-2011 provides a foundation for building both descriptive theories and normative theories. Legal protocols for open source licensing began in 1998, and "open innovation" became popular in the business press from 2003. At the beginning of the 2001-2011 period, a behaviour of open sourcing by commercial enterprises departed from a tradition of private sourcing that presumes trade

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